Apache Http Server

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Apache Http Server Tutorial
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Apache Http Server Mod_mime Buffer Overread
Apache Http Server Api

The Apache HTTP Server is the top choice of users looking for an easy-to-use yet powerful Web server on Softpedia as well as worldwide. Started back in 1995, the project has quickly escalated into. The Apache HTTP Server is the top choice of users looking for an easy-to-use yet powerful Web server on Softpedia as well as worldwide. Started back in 1995, the project has quickly escalated into. Using this guide, learn how to set up Apache as a reverse proxy server on CentOS 7 to redirect HTTP traffic to an ASP.NET Core web app running on Kestrel server. The modproxy extension and related modules create the server's reverse proxy. Server running CentOS 7 with a standard user account with sudo privilege. The Apache HTTP Server Project is an effort to develop and maintain an open-source HTTP server for modern operating systems including UNIX and Windows. The goal of this project is to provide a secure, efficient and extensible server that provides HTTP services in sync with the current HTTP standards.

By Shayne Boyer

The Apache HTTP Server Project.

Using this guide, learn how to set up Apache as a reverse proxy server on CentOS 7 to redirect HTTP traffic to an ASP.NET Core web app running on Kestrel server. The mod_proxy extension and related modules create the server's reverse proxy.

Prerequisites

Server running CentOS 7 with a standard user account with sudo privilege.
Install the .NET Core runtime on the server.
1. Visit the Download .NET Core page.
2. Select the latest non-preview .NET Core version.
3. Download the latest non-preview runtime in the table under Run apps - Runtime.
4. Select the Linux Package manager instructions link and follow the CentOS instructions.
An existing ASP.NET Core app.

At any point in the future after upgrading the shared framework, restart the ASP.NET Core apps hosted by the server.

Publish and copy over the app

Configure the app for a framework-dependent deployment.

If the app is run locally and isn't configured to make secure connections (HTTPS), adopt either of the following approaches:

Configure the app to handle secure local connections. For more information, see the HTTPS configuration section.
Remove https://localhost:5001 (if present) from the applicationUrl property in the Properties/launchSettings.json file.

Run dotnet publish from the development environment to package an app into a directory (for example, bin/Release/<target_framework_moniker>/publish) that can run on the server:

The app can also be published as a self-contained deployment if you prefer not to maintain the .NET Core runtime on the server.

Copy the ASP.NET Core app to the server using a tool that integrates into the organization's workflow (for example, SCP, SFTP). It's common to locate web apps under the var directory (for example, var/www/helloapp).

Note

Under a production deployment scenario, a continuous integration workflow does the work of publishing the app and copying the assets to the server.

Configure a proxy server

A reverse proxy is a common setup for serving dynamic web apps. The reverse proxy terminates the HTTP request and forwards it to the ASP.NET app.

A proxy server forwards client requests to another server instead of fulfilling requests itself. A reverse proxy forwards to a fixed destination, typically on behalf of arbitrary clients. In this guide, Apache is configured as the reverse proxy running on the same server that Kestrel is serving the ASP.NET Core app.

Because requests are forwarded by reverse proxy, use the Forwarded Headers Middleware from the Microsoft.AspNetCore.HttpOverrides package. The middleware updates the Request.Scheme, using the X-Forwarded-Proto header, so that redirect URIs and other security policies work correctly.

Any component that depends on the scheme, such as authentication, link generation, redirects, and geolocation, must be placed after invoking the Forwarded Headers Middleware.

Forwarded Headers Middleware should run before other middleware. This ordering ensures that the middleware relying on forwarded headers information can consume the header values for processing. To run Forwarded Headers Middleware after diagnostics and error handling middleware, see Forwarded Headers Middleware order.

Invoke the UseForwardedHeaders method at the top of Startup.Configure before calling other middleware. Configure the middleware to forward the X-Forwarded-For and X-Forwarded-Proto headers:

If no ForwardedHeadersOptions are specified to the middleware, the default headers to forward are None.

Proxies running on loopback addresses (127.0.0.0/8, [::1]), including the standard localhost address (127.0.0.1), are trusted by default. If other trusted proxies or networks within the organization handle requests between the Internet and the web server, add them to the list of KnownProxies or KnownNetworks with ForwardedHeadersOptions. The following example adds a trusted proxy server at IP address 10.0.0.100 to the Forwarded Headers Middleware KnownProxies in Startup.ConfigureServices:

For more information, see Configure ASP.NET Core to work with proxy servers and load balancers.

Install Apache

Update CentOS packages to their latest stable versions:

Install the Apache web server on CentOS with a single yum command:

Sample output after running the command:

Note

In this example, the output reflects httpd.86_64 since the CentOS 7 version is 64 bit. To verify where Apache is installed, run whereis httpd from a command prompt.

Configure Apache

Configuration files for Apache are located within the /etc/httpd/conf.d/ directory. Any file with the .conf extension is processed in alphabetical order in addition to the module configuration files in /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d/, which contains any configuration files necessary to load modules.

Create a configuration file, named helloapp.conf, for the app:

The VirtualHost block can appear multiple times, in one or more files on a server. In the preceding configuration file, Apache accepts public traffic on port 80. The domain www.example.com is being served, and the *.example.com alias resolves to the same website. For more information, see Name-based virtual host support. Requests are proxied at the root to port 5000 of the server at 127.0.0.1. For bi-directional communication, ProxyPass and ProxyPassReverse are required. To change Kestrel's IP/port, see Kestrel: Endpoint configuration.

Warning

Failure to specify a proper ServerName directive in the VirtualHost block exposes your app to security vulnerabilities. Subdomain wildcard binding (for example, *.example.com) doesn't pose this security risk if you control the entire parent domain (as opposed to *.com, which is vulnerable). For more information, see rfc7230 section-5.4.

Logging can be configured per VirtualHost using ErrorLog and CustomLog directives. ErrorLog is the location where the server logs errors, and CustomLog sets the filename and format of log file. In this case, this is where request information is logged. There's one line for each request.

Save the file and test the configuration. If everything passes, the response should be Syntax [OK].

Restart Apache:

Monitor the app

Apache is now set up to forward requests made to http://localhost:80 to the ASP.NET Core app running on Kestrel at http://127.0.0.1:5000. However, Apache isn't set up to manage the Kestrel process. Use systemd and create a service file to start and monitor the underlying web app. systemd is an init system that provides many powerful features for starting, stopping, and managing processes.

Create the service file

Create the service definition file:

An example service file for the app:

In the preceding example, the user that manages the service is specified by the User option. The user (apache) must exist and have proper ownership of the app's files.

Use TimeoutStopSec to configure the duration of time to wait for the app to shut down after it receives the initial interrupt signal. If the app doesn't shut down in this period, SIGKILL is issued to terminate the app. Provide the value as unitless seconds (for example, 150), a time span value (for example, 2min 30s), or infinity to disable the timeout. TimeoutStopSec defaults to the value of DefaultTimeoutStopSec in the manager configuration file (systemd-system.conf, system.conf.d, systemd-user.conf, user.conf.d). The default timeout for most distributions is 90 seconds.

Some values (for example, SQL connection strings) must be escaped for the configuration providers to read the environment variables. Use the following command to generate a properly escaped value for use in the configuration file:

Colon (:) separators aren't supported in environment variable names. Use a double underscore (__) in place of a colon. The Environment Variables configuration provider converts double-underscores into colons when environment variables are read into configuration. In the following example, the connection string key ConnectionStrings:DefaultConnection is set into the service definition file as ConnectionStrings__DefaultConnection:

Save the file and enable the service:

Start the service and verify that it's running:

With the reverse proxy configured and Kestrel managed through systemd, the web app is fully configured and can be accessed from a browser on the local machine at http://localhost. Inspecting the response headers, the Server header indicates that the ASP.NET Core app is served by Kestrel:

View logs

Since the web app using Kestrel is managed using systemd, events and processes are logged to a centralized journal. However, this journal includes entries for all of the services and processes managed by systemd. To view the kestrel-helloapp.service-specific items, use the following command:

For time filtering, specify time options with the command. For example, use --since today to filter for the current day or --until 1 hour ago to see the previous hour's entries. For more information, see the man page for journalctl.

Data protection

The ASP.NET Core Data Protection stack is used by several ASP.NET Core middlewares, including authentication middleware (for example, cookie middleware) and cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protections. Even if Data Protection APIs aren't called by user code, data protection should be configured to create a persistent cryptographic key store. If data protection isn't configured, the keys are held in memory and discarded when the app restarts.

If the key ring is stored in memory when the app restarts:

All cookie-based authentication tokens are invalidated.
Users are required to sign in again on their next request.
Any data protected with the key ring can no longer be decrypted. This may include CSRF tokens and ASP.NET Core MVC TempData cookies.

To configure data protection to persist and encrypt the key ring, see:

Secure the app

Configure firewall

Firewalld is a dynamic daemon to manage the firewall with support for network zones. Ports and packet filtering can still be managed by iptables. Firewalld should be installed by default. yum can be used to install the package or verify it's installed.

Use firewalld to open only the ports needed for the app. In this case, ports 80 and 443 are used. The following commands permanently set ports 80 and 443 to open:

Reload the firewall settings. Check the available services and ports in the default zone. Options are available by inspecting firewall-cmd -h.

HTTPS configuration

Configure the app for secure (HTTPS) local connections

The dotnet run command uses the app's Properties/launchSettings.json file, which configures the app to listen on the URLs provided by the applicationUrl property (for example, https://localhost:5001;http://localhost:5000).

Configure the app to use a certificate in development for the dotnet run command or development environment (F5 or Ctrl+F5 in Visual Studio Code) using one of the following approaches:

Replace the default certificate from configuration (Recommended)

Replace the default certificate from configuration (Recommended)

Configure the reverse proxy for secure (HTTPS) client connections

Warning

The security configuration in this section is a general configuration to be used as a starting point for further customization. We're unable to provide support for third-party tooling, servers, and operating systems. Use the configuration in this section at your own risk. For more information, access the following resources:

Apache SSL/TLS Encryption (Apache documentation)

To configure Apache for HTTPS, the mod_ssl module is used. When the httpd module was installed, the mod_ssl module was also installed. If it wasn't installed, use yum to add it to the configuration.

To enforce HTTPS, install the mod_rewrite module to enable URL rewriting:

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Modify the helloapp.conf file to enable secure communication on port 443.

The following example doesn't configure the server to redirect insecure requests. We recommend using HTTPS Redirection Middleware. For more information, see Enforce HTTPS in ASP.NET Core.

Note

For development environments where the server configuration handles secure redirection instead of HTTPS Redirection Middleware, we recommend using temporary redirects (302) rather than permanent redirects (301). Link caching can cause unstable behavior in development environments.

Adding a Strict-Transport-Security (HSTS) header ensures all subsequent requests made by the client are over HTTPS. For guidance on setting the Strict-Transport-Security header, see Enforce HTTPS in ASP.NET Core.

Note

This example is using a locally-generated certificate. SSLCertificateFile should be the primary certificate file for the domain name. SSLCertificateKeyFile should be the key file generated when CSR is created. SSLCertificateChainFile should be the intermediate certificate file (if any) that was supplied by the certificate authority.

Apache HTTP Server version 2.4.43 or newer is required in order to operate a TLS 1.3 web server with OpenSSL 1.1.1.

Note

The preceding example disables Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) Stapling. For more information and guidance on enabling OCSP, see OCSP Stapling (Apache documentation).

Save the file and test the configuration:

Restart Apache:

Additional Apache suggestions

Restart apps with shared framework updates

After upgrading the shared framework on the server, restart the ASP.NET Core apps hosted by the server.

Additional headers

To secure against malicious attacks, there are a few headers that should either be modified or added. Ensure that the mod_headers module is installed:

Secure Apache from clickjacking attacks

Clickjacking, also known as a UI redress attack, is a malicious attack where a website visitor is tricked into clicking a link or button on a different page than they're currently visiting. Use X-FRAME-OPTIONS to secure the site.

To mitigate clickjacking attacks:

Edit the httpd.conf file:
Add the line Header append X-FRAME-OPTIONS 'SAMEORIGIN'.
Save the file.
Restart Apache.

MIME-type sniffing

The X-Content-Type-Options header prevents Internet Explorer from MIME-sniffing (determining a file's Content-Type from the file's content). If the server sets the Content-Type header to text/html with the nosniff option set, Internet Explorer renders the content as text/html regardless of the file's content.

Edit the httpd.conf file:

Add the line Header set X-Content-Type-Options 'nosniff'. Save the file. Restart Apache.

Load Balancing

This example shows how to setup and configure Apache on CentOS 7 and Kestrel on the same instance machine. To not have a single point of failure; using mod_proxy_balancer and modifying the VirtualHost would allow for managing multiple instances of the web apps behind the Apache proxy server.

In the configuration file shown below, an additional instance of the helloapp is set up to run on port 5001. The Proxy section is set with a balancer configuration with two members to load balance byrequests.

Rate Limits

Using mod_ratelimit, which is included in the httpd module, the bandwidth of clients can be limited:

The example file limits bandwidth as 600 KB/sec under the root location:

Long request header fields

Proxy server default settings typically limit request header fields to 8,190 bytes. An app may require fields longer than the default (for example, apps that use Azure Active Directory). If longer fields are required, the proxy server's LimitRequestFieldSize directive requires adjustment. The value to apply depends on the scenario. For more information, see your server's documentation.

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Don't increase the default value of LimitRequestFieldSize unless necessary. Increasing the value increases the risk of buffer overrun (overflow) and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks by malicious users.

Additional resources

Apache HTTP server

The Apache HTTP Server, an open-source web server developed by the Apache Software Foundation. The Apache server is used to host web content. It responds to requests for content from web browsers, such as Internet Explorer and Firefox.

Note : The post uses RHEL/CentOS 7 distribution to install and configure the Apache server. Although the start/stop/install commands may differ but the configuration steps are same in all the linux distribution

Installing Apache

To configure your system as a web server, begin by installing the httpd software package.

Use the systemctl utility to enable the HTTP daemon to start at boot time and also to start the daemon immediately.

Configuration files

The main configuration file for Apache is /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf. An auxiliary directory, /etc/httpd/conf.d, also exists to store configuration files that are included in the main configuration file. Configuration files that load modules are in the /etc/httpd/conf.modules.d directory.

New apachectl subcommands in CentOS / RHEL 7

A new apachectl sub-commands are available in CentOS / RHEL 7. The following example uses the configtest subcommand to check the configuration for possible errors.

Use the graceful subcommand to reload the configuration without affecting active requests.

Configuring Apache

The main configuration file for Apache is /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf. Apache runs as installed, but you can modify configuration directives in this file to customize Apache for your environment. Some of these directives are described in the post below.

Testing Apache HTTP server

Apache Http Server Tutorial

You can confirm that Apache is working by pointing a browser on the local system to http://localhost as shown in the picture below. You can also point a browser to http:// followed by the IP Public address of the server or the ServerName directive that you specified in the configuration file. The test page shown below confirms the functioning Apache HTTP server.

To test the display of actual content, create an HTML file named index.html in the directory specified by the DocumentRoot directive (the default directory is /var/www/html). Apache automatically displays the index.html file in this directory, if it exists.

Apache Containers

Apache containers are special configuration directives that group other directives. The containers use XML-style tags, meaning that the beginning of a container is <name> and the end is </name>. An index of all the container directives is available at http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/sections.html. Refer the post below to get the most commonly used apache containers.

Apache Virtual Hosts

Apache supports virtual hosts, meaning that a single Apache server can respond to requests directed to multiple IP addresses or host names. Each virtual host can provide content and be configured differently.
You can configure virtual hosts in two ways:
1. IP-based Virtual Hosts (host-by-IP)
2. Name-based Virtual Hosts (host-by-name)

Apache Http Server Download

host-by-IP
With host-by-IP, each virtual host has its own IP address and port combination. The Apache web server responds to the IP address that the host resolves as. Host-by-IP is required for serving HTTPS requests due to restrictions in the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol.

host-by-name
With host-by-name, all virtual hosts share the common IP address. Apache responds to the request by mapping the host name in the request to ServerName and ServerAlias directives in the particular virtual host’s configuration file.

Apache Http Server Mod_mime Buffer Overread

Use the <VirtualHost host-name> container to implement virtual hosts. After the first VirtualHost is defined, all of the content served by Apache must also be moved into virtual hosts.

Apache Http Server Api

The following example is a simple name-based virtual hosts configuration: